Go Blank Yourself Essay

Why students flunk out of college can not be pin pointed to one thing. There are very many reasons why people drop out of college like for instance, a student may be too overwhelmed with his or her whole college schedule. Also, a student may also be overwhelmed with his or her work schedule on top of their busy college classes. Another reason students may drop out of school is because of personal problems, whether it may be family related or a relationship problems, they to can be very stressful on a student. Why students flunk out of college can not be pin pointed to one thing. There are very many reasons why people drop out of college like for instance, a student may be too overwhelmed with his or her whole college schedule. Also, a student may also be overwhelmed with his or her work schedule on top of their busy college classes. Another reason students may drop out of school is because of personal problems, whether it may be family related or a relationship problems, they to can be very stressful on a student. Why students flunk out of college can not be pin pointed to one thing. There are very many reasons why people drop out of college like for instance, a student may be too overwhelmed with his or her whole college schedule. Also, a student may also be overwhelmed with his or her work schedule on top of their busy college classes. Another reason students may drop out of school is because of personalWhy students flunk out of college can not be pin pointed to one thing. There are very many reasons why peWhy students flunk out of college can not be pin pointed to one thing. There are very many reasons why people drop out of college like for instance, a student may be too overwhelmed with his or her whole college schedule. Also, a student may also be overwhelmed with his or her work schedule on top of their busy college classes. AnothWhy students flunk out of college can not be pin pointed to one thing. There are very many reasons why people drop out of college like for instance, a student may be too verwhelmed with his or her whole college schedule. Also, a student may also be overwhelmed with his or her work schedule on top of their busy college classes. Another reason students may drop out of school is because of personal problems, whether it may be family related or a relationship problems, they to can be very stressful on a student. er reason students may drop out of school is because of personal problems, whether it may be family related or a re lationship problems, they to can be very stressful on a student. ple drop out of college like for instance, a student may be too overwhelmed with his or her whole college schedule. Also, a student may also be overwhelmed with his or her work schedule on top of their busy college classes. Another reason students may drop out of school is because of personal problems, whether it may be family related or a relationship problems, they to can be very stressful on a student. Why students flunk out of college can not be pin pointed to one thing. There are very many reasons why people drop out of college like for instance, a student may be too overwhelmed with his or her whole college schedule. Also, a student may also be overwhelmed with his or her work schedule on top of their busy college classes. Another reason students may drop out of school is because of personal problems, whether it may be family related or a relationship problems, they to can be very stressful on a student. problems, whether it may be family related or a relationship problems, they to can be very stressful on a student.

Finance 3301 questions Essay

Broussard Skateboard’s sales are expected to increase by 15% from $8 million in 2012 to $9. 2 million in 2013. Its assets totaled $5 million at the end of 2012. Broussard is already at full capacity, so its assets must grow at the same rate as projected sales. At the end of 2012, current liabilities were $1. 4 million, consisting of $450,000 of accounts payable, $500,000 of notes payable, and $450,000 of accruals. The after-tax profit margin is forecasted to be 6%, and the forecasted payout ratio is 40%. Use the AFN equation to forecast Brous- sard’s additional funds needed for the coming year. Required increase in assets – Increase in spontaneous liabilities – Increase in retained earnings = AFN AFN=($5/$8)*$1. 2 – ($1. 4/$8)*$1. 2-$9. 2*6%*(1-40%)=0. 75 – 0. 21 – 0. 33=21% Chapter 10 Tony Company’s balance sheet shows $300 million in debt, $50 million in preferred stock, and $250 million in total common equity. Tony Company`s tax rate is 40%, rd =6%,rPS =5%,andrs =10%. If Tony Company get capital structure of 30% debt, 5% preferred stock, and 65% common stock, what is its WACC? Wd=30% ; Wps=5%; Ws=65% WACC=Wd*rd*(1-T)+Wps*rps+ws*rs=30%*6%(1-40%)+5%*5%+65%*10%=0. 0108+0. 000125+0. 065=7. 59% What kinds of the T-bonds is the best proxy for the risk-free rate is the yield on? Answer: A A, long-term B, short-term C, No one Chapter 11 A company creates value when the spread between EROIC and WACC is positive—that is, when Answer: B A, EROIC ? WACC = 0 B, EROIC ? WACC > 0; C, EROIC ? WACC

The Advantages of Ethical Retail

Retailing The advantages of ethical retail are as follows: Higher revenues. Improved Brand, Business Awareness and Recognition. Better employee Motivation and Recruitment. There are several ethical issues to be considered in retailing. To be a throughly ethical-concerned company, we are going to take some actions to guarantee everyone from the owners to employees in our company know and understand what is ethic and make sure they act ethically during the daily selling practice. 1. Mutual integrity A mutual integrity environment is expected to establish in our company.Employees are required to be honest when dealing with the business and with their co-workers. While the business,its owners and management should be honest in dealing with them. And our company, including owners and employee are required to be honest and ethical when dealing with customers. 2. Development of ethical standards Retail salespeople need guidelines on ethical issues. An ethical standards will be developed and posted by the ethical department. Something simple which commits the business and its employees to certain behavior ought to be clearly and complete to provide a guide to day to day decisions.Because it is found that some salespeople are not aware what is ethical issues, what is the the right thing and what is not. Besides some common sense about ethical issues, there are some misconducts will be listed that they may be not realized. Charge full price for a sale item without the customers’ knowledge. Don’t tell the complete truth to a customer about the characteristics of a product. Sell more expensive product when a less expensive product would be better for the customer. Don’t offer information to the customer about an upcoming sale.Make excuses to customers about unavailable merchandise when merchandise is not in stock or is sold out. Take return from customers when you believe the item should not be accepted. Give preferential treatment to certain customers . Give your employee discount to your friends Sell merchandise that is not of good quality. Don’t Use the Customer Information privately or in other business activities. Employees are required to remember it and act it accordingly. 3. Fair workload employers in our company also need to provide a good working situation for the employees.No excessive pressure and workload of the job are allowed to put on salespeople, which place them in uncomfortable situation. 4. Good ethics demonstration Employers are needed to be ethical-concerned firstly. Employees may follow the behaviors of employers. Poor ethics demonstrated by ourselves or senior management can educate others that the business is prepared to cut corners or deal in areas of grey between what is right and what is wrong. This leads to employees themselves following this behavior and acting against the business but doing no worse than they have seen a more senior person do.When comes to social responsibility and environment concerned,we are going take some actions in our daily retailing practice. 1. Better inventory management Inventory management is the process of efficiently overseeing the constant flow of units into and out of an existing inventory. It helps in controlling the costs associated with the inventory. Since our warehouse where our inventories placed are not located near our retailing store, it needs vehicles to transfer the products when they needed.Through a better inventory management, we can lessen the times of transportation, so as to reduce the pollution of the environment and cost at the same time. 2. Shorten opening time reasonable As it known to all,electricity and water are used during opening time of retailing store. However, electricity are wasted during low consumer flow when only few people in the store. An investigation is conducted to show the consumer flow statistics and we are going to rearrange our opening time accordingly to reduce the electricity and water consumptio n.Environmental friendly packaging Over-packaging or packaging with no-environment friendly material are also needed to be eliminated concerning of environment. Therefor, switching over to environment friendly packaging materials is our first step. Recycle Bags are going to sell in low price in our retailing store instead of plastic bags. Consumers who bring the bag back can have 10% discount at all items. It is a good way to avoid plastic pollution, in the other hand, it is also a good promotion way. 4. Undertaking activities that are beneficial to the societyTo build good ethical-concerned image of our company, we plan to undertake activities that are beneficial to the society. For example, this season, our theme is about pets. We consider to join a series of activities held by PETA, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, it is the largest animal rights organization in the world, with more than 3 million members and supporters. To show our company is animal-friendly, we are going to join â€Å"Shopping Guide to Compassionate Clothing: Vegan Companies† of PETA, which defines as company sells only animal-friendly, cruelty-free products. Promotion 1.Public-interested ad Public-interested advertisements about every season’s ethical emphasis are going to made. This season,considering our brand is sportswear and the ethical emphasis is animal rights, we are going to place our advertisements at the paths and space specially for pets and their owners, for instance Wan Dog Park, Pet World, Peel Rise, Discovery Bay, Sai Kung, Clearwater Bay and so on. Considering our target customers who are animal-lovers , they play with their pets in casual wear. They may be attracted by our public-interested ad: a man in our clothing playing with dogs harmoniously.

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Report - Essay Example This is made much more difficult because it does not guarantee that they would secure a job as soon as they complete the University education. The high costs of the post secondary education is putting pressure on the families especially those with low-income levels, and this may influence the educational trends of individuals in the near future. The contents of the article are reliable because it is an extract of a report in the Financial Post online magazine, well-known for credentials in the contents of the articles they publish. The author is also well-known and credible based on the information in his previous articles posted in the Financial Post magazine. The author also makes use of credible sources of the statistics he uses to compare the current and the past tuition fees; the Canadian center for policy report and Statistics Canada among others. The information contained in the article reflects the actual state of affairs for a Canadian University student in the contemporary society which the students can identify. The author uses the comparison of the present charges of fees in the Canadian Universities making the information reliable. Eisen, Wensveen, B., & Wensveen, J. (2012, July 9). Arguments for cheap tuition are not supported by evidence. Troy Media. Retrieved from http://www.troymedia.com/2012/07/09/arguments-for-cheap-tuition-are-not-supported-by-evidence/ The article is a presentation of an analysis of Ivanova’s argument that high fees prevent individuals especially from the poor families from accessing the higher education programs in Canada. The authors compare and contrast these arguments with others throughout the article and eventually do prove that there are better means of encouraging individuals to seek higher education besides lowering tuition fees. This, for instance, is because students from average backgrounds tend to have low grades that cannot allow them to join the higher education centers compared to students from higher social statuses with high grades. Policies that encourage students to embrace learning and performance in the early stages of their education may prove more productive. The Universities also have support services that allow average students with the qualifications to join the Universities by offering the financial support needed. Thus, other factors besides the increased fees prevent learners from pursuing further education. The data in the article are reliable based on the fact the authors analyzing the information are known policy analysts and analysts at the frontier center for public policy and have written previous credible works. The data analyzed are also related to the intensive research on education trends in both Ontario and Quebec institutions. The argument revolves around real life experiences with the tuition fees and the financial statuses of the students in the universities, hence, there are no assumptions on the availed figures. The source of the article is also cre dible, as Troy Media is a credible site for reliable information and data. Ryan, S. (2012, June 1). The case for zero tuition. National Post. Retrieved from http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/06/01/sid-ryan-the-case-for-zero-tuition/ The article

Substituting Nonrenewable Energy with Renewable Energy Research Paper

Substituting Nonrenewable Energy with Renewable Energy - Research Paper Example Statistics have indicated that over 85 percent of the energy used is from non-renewable sources. Examples of non-renewable energy include nuclear power and fossil fuel such as oil and coal (Field et al. 2008). These sources of energy are considered as non-renewable because they cannot be regenerated enough to keep pace with their utilization. On the other hand, renewable energy is generated from natural sources such as tide, rain, sun, and wind and it can be regenerated over and over as and when required. Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible, plenty, and the cleanest sources of energy (Macqueen, 2011). Similarly, energy from biomass from plants, geothermal, and wind can be transformed to electricity for both domestic and industrial use (Field et al. 2008). Environmental problems such pollution and ozone layer depletion resulting from energy wastes have called for the need to substitute non-renewable energy with renewable energy. This is primarily intended to conserve the enviro nment by adopting clean sources of energy, and preserving the scarce sources of non-renewable energy (Macqueen, 2011). The need to substitute a non-renewable biomass energy source by a renewable biomass is of significance because an energy fuel, which increases carbon dioxide concentration, in the atmosphere, is replaced with energy fuel that reduces the concentration of carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere (Field et al. 2008). Renewable biomass reduces anthropogenic emissions, into the atmosphere because it involves complete energy consumption.

Shakespeare's Hamlet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shakespeare's Hamlet - Research Paper Example In the process, he is involved in several occasions of double mind which puts him at a cross road in some instances (Hapgood & Shakespeare, 24). In the process he causes the deaths of several characters in the play either directly or indirectly (Shakespeare, 114). He also plays an indirect role in the death of his love Ophelia and his mother whom he mistakenly poisoned with food. However throughout the play and in Hamlet actions, he shows sense of double-mindedness as he struggles with his internal thoughts and efforts to sanity. The first instance in which Hamlet shows inability to decide on one issue is when he was not able to decide on whether you revenge or not. It is evident in the play that Hamlet is seeking the truth about his father’s death and hence believe that from that truth, he would be able to reach to the killers of his father. Generally, hamlet is seeking for truth as an effort to justify his acts of revenge (Bradley, 84). However, it is important to realize th at these acts of revenge are called for by the ghost which he does not trust. In this context, Hamlet has double minds as to whether to believe the ghost of his father or whether to reject such believes. As outlined by Bradley (85), â€Å"this is the tragedy of a man who could not make up his mind.† This is recognition of Hamlet’s views which were divided equally and the possibility in acting in one way or the other was half possible. It is important to note that he viewed almost everything in two perspectives and hence it was difficult to decide the way to go. According to Rosenberg (440), Hamlet can be described as an individual who knows all that he wants and all that according to him would be right. However, Hamlet deliberately decides to avoid the right thing. This perspective of Hamlet is also observed by Rosenberg (441). Failure of his efforts is not linked in any way to the inability to act but on the unwillingness to act swiftly and at the right time to save t he community. Hamlet is also divided in the mind whether to revenge or not because he fears the spirits and not because he cannot revenge (Furness & Shakespeare, 24). He is very much aware that he has defied the ghost and hence he tries to assert that the spirits of the dead are more dangerous and may follow him. While Hamlet tries to find out whether he would be right to act in accordance to the ghost request, it is evident that something is ringing at the back of his mind that he has not done what he is supposed to do. It is therefore important to notice that there are two thoughts that are antagonistic in his mind. As a result he is always undecided and hence leads top several mistakes which result into deaths of his relatives. Hamlet is disturbed by the fact that he has not done something that is impressive or aggressive towards his father’s death. As a result, he wants to please his father but wants to confirm the truth about the accusations by the ghost. In this context , Hamlet is at a crossroad with double minds (Rosenberg, 439). He looks at all the alternative actions, weighs them and finds out that they are actually bear the same weight. While he understands the consequence of either action he wants to make the best decision out of the two available decisions. It is therefore important for him to please his father’s ghost at the same time do not want to revenge or what is not tangible or revenge by mistake. Moreover, the lack of action by Hamlet presents to him a lot

Casualties of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Casualties of War - Essay Example It is the hope of this author that not only the film, but the Vietnam War as well as pervasive American interpretations of the value of native and indigenous people will help to be affected. Ultimately, the movie can be summarized, as with many Vietnam War movies, as concentric upon an analysis of a small squad of American soldiers. This is one of the most popular approaches that filmmakers take due to the fact that it allows the viewer the, acquainted with and personally knowledgeable regarding each of the characters; rather than integrating with an entire company, the viewer is able to simplify human emotions, personalities, and likely reactions based upon the means by which these characters are expected to behave. As with many other Vietnam War movies, â€Å"Casualties of War† represents a mixture of different individuals within the squad from various geographic regions as well as various ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Firstly, the viewer is integrated with an understandi ng of the sheer misery, abstraction, and violence that the Vietnam conflict engendered. As a function of understanding this level of inhumanity, exhibited on both sides of the conflict, it unfortunately comes as little surprise that the soldiers themselves begin behaving as little more than animals. The line of no return is of course cross when one of the soldiers takes a young Vietnam means girl and suggests that the squad user as a sex toy. Even though this is initially resisted, the threat of violence subdues these objections long enough for the girl to be raped. Once she is raped, it becomes infinitely easier for the other members of the squad, with the exception of Erikkson, to engage in a similar behavior. At each and every juncture, Erikkson opposes the actions that the squad leader perpetrates upon the young girl. Ultimately, Erikkson risks his own life in an attempt to save the girl from being murdered by the squad members. Once she is murdered, Erikkson set out on a person al crusade to expose the crime to the superiors within the military. As one might expect, speaking truth to power was neither popular nor safe. After many months and years of trying, Erikkson was able to bring the issue to the military’s attention and seek a nominal degree of punishment for the individuals involved. With regards to understanding the underlying tensions that existed between Meserve and Erikkson, the viewer can and should integrate with the basic understanding of unrestrained selfishness and complete lack of respect for human life that Meserve exhibited as compared to Erikkson’s more traditional view. Rather than exhibiting all Vietnam veterans as baby killers and murderers, this film helps to differentiate the difference between those sociopaths in society that were drafted into the military and sought to further their own selfish ends as compared to individuals that retain a level of humanity and restraint regardless of the pressures and difficulties t hat combat placed upon them. A further dynamic is equally evidenced within the film is the level and extent to which the

Perspectives on Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Perspectives on Operation Management - Essay Example This paper intends to advise the independent retail outlets situated in Hartwell in Essex on some potential operations strategies in response to the recent opening of Asda/Walmart on the edge of town. Operations strategies While planning operations strategy redesign in response to the recent opening of Asda, the retail outlets must consider the position of the Asda in the UK market and its strengths. Statistical data indicate that Asda is the second largest chain in the UK in terms of market share (BBC News, 2011). The company’s UK grocery market share was 16.5% in 2010. Furthermore, it must be noted that Asda is the subsidiary of retail market giant Walmart, the largest retailer in the world. Low price offer is one of the major core competencies of the Walmart that assisted the corporation to grow up to the top of the world’s retail market. In addition, the company has good reputation across the UK market. Low inventory levels and short flow times are the major operati ons strategies of Walmart. This assists the corporation to maintain adequate levels of inventory all times and thereby keep more working capital with the firm. Hence, the operations strategies developed by the retail outlets must be comprehensive enough to confront with the Asda’s powerful marketing policies. ... Thirdly, each retail outlet has to clearly identify order winners and order qualifiers. More precisely, they have to recognise which elements are necessary to win an order and what makes an item attractive to customers. Finally, each retailer must evaluate its position in the Hartwell retail market. It is advisable for the retail outlets in Hartwell to adapt to the internet based operations strategies because Walmart is still at its early stages of researching internet opportunities. Internet can be effectively employed to strengthen the existing core competencies and by integrating recently developed and traditional supply chain activities. Market analysis reports show that retail firms nowadays raise major portion of their revenues from online sales. The Web based operations strategies aid retailers to significantly reduce operational costs and increase their efficiency in order processing, product delivery, and customer service. However, the retailers must be more innovative while deploying web based operations strategies since customers may be pulled towards the companies that present product displays more attractively to site visitors. It is also recommendable for the retail outlets to develop customised operations strategies as such a policy would better fit the needs and requirement of these retailers. Customised operations strategies may assist retailers to effectively meet the changing tastes and specifications of customers on time (Lowson, 2003). ‘Make to order and assemble to order’ would be the most recommendable production related operations strategies for the retail outlets. In the words of Dickersbach (2005, p. 27), under the make to order strategy, retailers can add customer specifications to a particular product after

Art 21 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art 21 - Essay Example Cai Guo-Qiang is an artist from Fujian Province of China. Guo-Qiang currently lives and does his artistic masterpieces in New York, United States. Guo-Qiang uses several media to show his inner feelings. His art works are infused with political themes. Uniquely, Guo-Qiang uses gunpower as an art form ingredient. He is successful in this unique art genre. Guo-Qiang learned gunpowder art while staying in Japan. As expected, Guo-Qiang’ art is characterized by explosions (PBS, 2014) The left image shows the artist using animals as models of his art work. The image will surely attract children. Children prefer images that resemble life. The left image will remind the children that our world includes the survival of animals. It is a good art image because the children can easily understand the image. The right image shows the author’s use explosions (fireworks) to attract the attention of the audience. The audience who will actually see the live explosions will either be entertained or may fear for their life. The audience will discern whether the fireworks explosion will cause danger to the lives of the audience. When the audience senses fire explosion debris going towards the audience, the audience will run to safety. Jeff Koons is from Pennsylvania. He school included studying in the popular Art Institute of Chicago. The artist uses images from different cultures as inspiration for his masterpieces. The artist injects both taste and pleasure themes into his art pieces. Koons uses the benefits of computer technology to create his currently popular art form. Koons uses the computer technology’s accurate detail advantages to reduce the time needed to complete his artwork tasks. Further, Jeff Koons’ masterpieces had been displayed in several art galleries. One of the galleries is Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Koons displayed his art works in the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago. Jeff Koons accomplished the above two art pieces. The left

Public Nuisance which the Teenage Youngsters Commit in the Essay

Public Nuisance which the Teenage Youngsters Commit in the Neighbourhood - Essay Example It is seen that youth have infringed human rights by giving cause for complaints by local pensioners to law enforcement agencies and other concerned authorities regarding their night activities. Even family members of the resident pensioners have booked complaints regarding the youth on a number of occasions. But no action was yet forthcoming, although they were regularly committing the nuisance in the locality. Under Article 11 of UK Human Rights Act 1998, which relates to freedom of assembly and association under subsection 1, it is seen that â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to freedom of association with others.† (Article 11: Freedom of Assembly and Association). An interpretation of this section could be in terms of fact that it is possible that this article shall not circumvent enforcement of legal limits on enforcement of these rights by members of the law or others, â€Å"in case this is necessarily prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.† (Article 8: Right to Respect for Private and Family Life). In this case, the applicant filed a case regarding noise pollution from Heathrow Airport, Section 76(1) of the Civil Aviation Act (CVA)1982, which enforce a â€Å"statutory bar† on the action being brought against noise pollution caused by aircraft flying across Heathrow Airport was arbitrary and one-sided. Their complaint was that this provision substantially annulled their privilege to seek recompense in Civil Courts under Section 6 of the Act. However, even when the case reached a higher Court, it held that the main contention was the applicability, or otherwise of Section 76(1) and the question of Article 6(1) did not arise.

Hulu Alliances Essay Example for Free

Hulu Alliances Essay 1.Describe the alliance partners. Characterize the market type as slow, fast, or standard cycle. The market type is a fast cycle market characterized by firms participating in number of networks for the purpose of production and distribution. Competitive advantages aren’t sustainable in fast cycle markets. Firms competing in fast cycle markets recognize the importance of speed, to get the product or service out there first. 2. Characterize the type of strategic alliance Hulu has become. Hulu has become a dynamic alliance. The same type as most firms in the information technology industry. Another example is the movie industry, an industry in which firms participate in a number of networks for the purpose of producing and distributing movies. In dynamic alliance networks, partners typically explore new ideas and possibilities with the potential to lead to product innovations, and entries to new markets. 3. In what type of market is Hulu competing? Hulu is competing in the streaming media market. It has a tough competitor which is Netflix. Unfortunately for Hulu, Netflix has been around a lot longer and has had plenty of time to build its partner base. The other problem for Hulu is its parent companies do not take Hulu seriously. Instead of giving programming to Hulu the networks lease the programs to Hulu’s competitor Netflix. 4. Why did this alliance form? List some competitive pressures that made this alliance a necessity for its partners. 5. What does the future hold for this alliance?

Changing of Women Rules in Global Business Essay Example for Free

Changing of Women Rules in Global Business Essay Now, the role of women in todays society is becoming increasingly visible and important than in comparison with the situation of 30 years ago. More and more women have started to try their self in different areas of human society, such as politics, science, business, journalism, charity etc. And areas such as entrepreneurship and business is no exception, on the contrary, they have become a priority because the people who are successful in business will always be respected and considered, especially in the world mens rules. Since ancient times, men do not take women, as it was believed that a womans place in the family sphere, it is unusual and should stay at home, manage the household, raise children, take care of her husband and so forth, but those days are long gone, and the woman is free to do what though no one can deny them. While many may disagree with that, especially in societies living on the old foundations, and Sharia law, where the woman stays at home and raises her children. And I must admit that in the West and in the more developed countries, women with all other than for example in Muslim countries. Women are much freer in their choice and the right activities. That is, they are not worse than men; at least the governments of these countries have taken measures to gender equality and discrimination against women. Equality of rights is the essential foundation of any democratic society that aspires to social justice and respect for human rights. The modern woman in this world are becoming more and more independent, hence, with men moving into the background taking place with them on a social level by changing their stereotypes, which were considered by it since childhood, but when she decided to climb the social ladder, it must prepare for the development of foreign territory. And the higher it will go up, the less it will be around the fairer sex. Thus, for a higher level of women need to learn the rules of conduct in a mans world. The participation of women in business in the developed world and the familiar phenomenon is not surprising in the business world and society. Most commands respect the fact that women are showing remarkable abilities and business acumen. This paper is designed to explore the nature of womens social position and description of the main characteristics of their social status and studies of women in todays economy and business, market pressures on its social health. 1. The paradox of female companionship. According to the UN Population Division, 49. 7% of the population is women. It is difficult to understand the true customs and traditions, to experience how people live in a particular country. Moreover, even more difficult to provide an accurate picture of the situation of women in different countries where the image of a womans life is not as noticeable, where the woman does not participate in economic and political life of the country, where, as a rule, she plays the role of a wife, mother, mistress of the hearth . But sometimes those women, about which we firmly There are certain stereotypes are not living the way we imagine, have certain rights and status in society. It is known that Japanese women live in a society where dominates and rules the man. The dominant role of men in this country has developed historically for a long time, and, as in all countries of the East, the predominant role is expressed everywhere: in the business environment, and the arts, and in politics. But the beauty and uniqueness of Japanese women, her desire to agree, its great patience, a sense of harmony and balance in all things, the willingness to sacrifice were known to ancient times and carried the glory of a Japanese woman around the world. Japanese wife running the business is reconciled with the fact that her husband is found not more than a couple days a week. It may seem that the Japanese woman is under the yoke of patriarchy and pressure from the men. However, this is not the case. That Japanese has more rights than women of other countries in Asia and the Orient. Japanese woman confides education of children and the decision of their fate, it is completely given the right to dispose of her husbands earnings and decide what expenses and how much need to be done, the Japanese women work, and some of them are financially stable and resting on the feet. Japanese women are able to hide their feelings, build diplomatic relations with her husband, seeking from him a lot more than European women. But even with a lot of rights, under the influence of civilization, becoming more independent, educated and self-confident, a Japanese woman still accompanies her husband to the door, with reverence and obedience to lower our heads bowed her husband followed. In Iran, is rarely seen without a black woman, at least a green curtain that hides her hair, the shape, and sometimes even the face. From the outside it seems that the women in this traditional and patriarchal country have virtually no rights and are entirely dependent on men. In fact, it is in Iran, women live an active and fulfilling life. Active and energetic Iranian women evolved over many centuries. O daughters of checks that are cutting their beautiful hair and wore a military armor, as well as men to defeat the enemy, there is still a legend. Therefore, even the leader of the revolution in Iran, Imam Khomeini said that for the revolution is to thank the women. The case for women of the East, we can say that their situation is not so bad as we describe the Western media, so whether women in general to engage in politics or business to the detriment of his personal life and family. After all, we all know what this means, when a woman chooses a career, not a family. In Western countries, a woman does not want to lag behind men because society is so constructed that causes compete with the opposite sex, and to claim their rights. Thus, women put themselves under the family or career choice and the choice often falls on the first option. As a result, it leads to divorce or refraining from family relationships. Frequent quarrels and not paying enough attention to children, that leads to the child becoming self-contained and further experience severe stress. Also, women in these countries often lead dissolute lifestyle, drinking, smoking, etc. And it is for these reasons that many women somovolno decide to start a family, abandoning the business activity, and not because someone is prohibited for them or criticizes it. 2. Concept of â€Å"Businesswomen†. The modern woman in this world are becoming more and more independent, hence, with men moving into the background taking place with them on a social level by changing their stereotypes, which were considered by it since childhood, but when she decided to climb the social ladder, it must prepare for the development of foreign territory. And the higher it will go up, the less it will be around the fairer sex. Thus, for a higher level of women need to learn the rules of conduct in a mans world. The participation of women in business in the developed world and the familiar phenomenon is not surprising in the business world and society. Most commands respect the fact that women are showing remarkable abilities and business acumen. Business women are self-employed, as the rules inherent in the following personal qualities and characteristics. Women, as a rule, the nature carefully and meticulously know how to count money. If you want to explore the firms position in the market, the women successfully cope with it. Diligence and thoroughness, determination and precision, care of women in the work known to all. Ingenuity and flexibility of thinking, the ability to analyze and evaluate the readiness to make decisions, communication skills and social competence these are the qualities that a woman and needed her as an entrepreneur and manager. In most of the female population is at least half the workforce. At the time, the women are still facing difficulties in fully participating in the production process; they are, however, increase their buying power. Demographic studies show that an increasing number of women, who increasingly have to make decisions of financial issues. This trend is reflected in our developing world, where most of the immigrants were women. Women play an important and growing role in the global economy; they make a significant contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP) by increasing the level of consumption of goods and especially the use of services. It is assumed that the increased participation of the female population in the labor market contributes to the potential growth of the economy, especially in the west. In most developed countries among students, first degree, as well as incomplete higher (the minimum period of training two years), more girls than boys. To business and to the success of women are moving a lot of reasons and motivations. Below are some of them: The desire to create the present and future of their own work; Hope unification into one work and personal life; The desire to realize their hopes and their style of business activity; Waiting for a good reward for their efforts and increase their personal wealth, Ability to reveal his I, his abilities as the previous post did not contribute to this; The tendency to take risks, find a way out of risk situations; The value of the specifics of growing back, which founded the company; The impact of friends and acquaintances; 3. Statistics and facts. In 2004, the U. S. percentage of girls among the students was 60%.  In the UK, this level is fixed at around 67%, in Germany 61%, and in Sweden 53%. Japan and Korea are among the leading countries in Asia: 65% and 52%, respectively (information is based on a report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). In general, this trend must modern employment opportunities, as well as increase the cost of living are not cheering. In general education strengthens position in the labor market, increasing its potential earnings. Migration of women to the private sector is not accidental. It is here that women managers can achieve some success. Business requires knowledge of financial problems, Mastering accounting, psychology, communication, and marketing. The rapid growth of economy women the burning topic of conversation, reports impress with reference to The Financial Times. According to the Boston Consulting Group, women control $ 12 trillion in global spending and are the driving force for earnings growth on a global scale, 5 trillion dollars, says journalist Lucy Warwick-Chin. From 2000 to 2007, in the U. S. he number of wealthy women, not less than one thousand five hundred dollars for investment, increased by 68%, while the number of wealthy men only 36%. Therefore, the economy women are called a force to be reckoned with. It is expected that its global economic impact in the coming years will be greater than that of Brazil, Russia, India and China combined. In some countries, women understand the strength of the economy is better: the powers of women in the U. S. are much higher, and their contribution to the economy more than British women and other women of the world. Why women are more successful in the manual? a) Women make better leaders they know how to think about several matters and, at the same time, to plan for the future, while men are able to concentrate on one issue, preferring to solve problems in series; b) Women are inherently more organized and able to act effectively because they mother. Take responsibility its in the nature of women; c) Purposeful Women and men consistently better eye for detail analyze and take into account the nuances of the work; d) Women more sociable, they tend to trust behavior. They are better at organizational and planning functions, adapt faster to changing conditions, regardless of the subordinates, contributes to these productivity improvements; e) Women leaders know best key people are products of their business are focused on the customer, the new product (or service) that is needed by the market; Women managers not only achieve lasting results of enterprises, but also create new jobs, successfully solve social problems as a team, and, especially, women, and the city in general. Organization is fully aware of the distinctive features of the motivation and methods of women will be more successful. Women take over 80% of purchasing decisions; they account for 70% of firms startups. This is the most important target group in the world. Conclusion: A woman in business today has become increasingly strengthening its position in the modern world women leading a significant percentage of all business structures. There is also a tendency to increase the number of women in business every year the percentage coming into the business men and women favor the women. From this we can conclude that the role of women in society as a whole is growing every year. Already, many men in business recognized for a number of their women preeminent in fact, in many areas of business activity, the stronger sex surrendered their positions. Thus, a woman in the business has a number of objective advantages over men, there are literally ome grown women hairdressing salons, beauty salons, retail trade, in general, any commercial enterprise, requiring attention to detail, with little or average number of staff personnel. The proportion of women is higher in small business, then medium businesses. In the large, the more international business, men continue to lead but in the management of the business often are forced to have female staff, as its presence in certain circumstances treats business tactics activi ties. According to psychologists, a woman in the business of building a more cautious relationship with its business partners, avoiding excessive risk-taking, sharp turns. It is particularly sensitive to the issues of corporate culture, introducing an element of warmth and nepotism in the business life of the strict rules of the organization. These factors, among other things, increase the profitability of new technologies that increase productivity. Female leader, as a carrier of emotional start, can acutely feel the psychological climate in the team, to understand what was going on the conflict, and, perhaps, to prevent its onset. In conclusion, I would like to give an answer of the American writer and historian G. Wils on the question of the most significant changes: For the past 40 years, the status of women has changed as it has not changed over the past four centuries. No change has not affected so deeply social. Changed relationship between wife to her husband, mother to child, woman to woman.

MIM and the Rise of Muslim Identity Politics

MIM and the Rise of Muslim Identity Politics Akshay Shetty The 2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections were perhaps one of the most interesting electoral experiments in recent history. The 15 year old Congress-NCP alliance and the 25 year old Shiv Sena-BJP alliance came to an end and the four parties contested elections on their own. While the results of the elections didnt come as a surprise to any of the four parties, the success of one party has attracted massive media attention, albeit alarmist. Making its debut in Maharashtra, the Hyderabad based All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (MIM) won 2 seats in the 288-member assembly, grabbing a 0.9% share of votes. Waris Pathan won the Byculla assembly seat by a narrow margin of 1,357 votes, beating rivals Madhu Chavan of the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) and Geeta Gawli of the Akhil Bharatiya Sena (ABS). However, MIM sprung a major surprise in the Aurangabad Central seat, where its candidate, former NDTV journalist Imtiaz Jaleel defeated sitting Shiv Sena MLA Pradeep Jaiswal by 19,982 votes. It also lost three seats by a narrow margin and finished third in nine constituencies. Overall, MIM polled over 5.13 lakh votes, even though it fielded, in many cases, political novices. The party also cut into the traditional vote banks of the Congress, the NCP and managed to wrest control of some areas where the BJP was believed to be strong. Buoyed by the victory, MIM president Asaduddin Owasi is planning to expand the party base in the state. The MIM has decided to contest all municipal elections in the state, including the BMC election in 2017 and the Aurangabad municipal election in 2015. It already has 13 corporators in the Nanded-Waghala Municipal Corporation. Plans are also afoot to expand in Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Karnataka. The MIM’s victory can be attributed to two main factors, the division of votes in other parties and the polarization of the Muslim votes. With the BJP led by Narendra Modi sweeping to victory after winning elections across India, the delicate balance between the country’s religious and ethnic minorities, and especially its Muslims, and the majority Hindu population is shifting. MIM fed off the growing feeling of political disempowerment among Muslims and the disenchantment with the Congress, a party which traditionally received the bulk of the Muslim vote. The vitriolic speeches of the Owaisi brothers, with fervent appeals to Allah and claims of Muslim victimhood contributed to the polarization. Clips of Akbaruddin Owaisi were widely circulated on WhatsApp, and the Muslim youth who are wary of the hysteria surrounding Narendra Modi were attracted to them (Lokhande, 2014). Thus the MIM’s victory is a combined result of Muslims being fed up of the token secularism of the Congress and the indifference and alienation by the BJP. India’s Muslims are at crossroads today. Before delving into the politics of the MIM, it is important to understand the state of India’s largest minority community. India’s Muslims Muslims make up about 14.4 percent of India’s total population. However, according to a 2013 report by the Pew Research Center, the country maintains â€Å"the world’s second-largest Muslim population in raw numbers (roughly 176 million).†Often referred to as â€Å"the lost children of India’s partition† (Gayer Jaffrelot, 2012), Muslims who chose to stay in India have struggled to keep pace with the majority community. The Sachar Commission report (2006), ordered by the then prime minister Dr. Manmohan Singh showed Muslims to be stuck at the bottom of almost every economic or social indicator. They were poorly represented in public sector jobs, school and university places politics. Low literacy levels and low fertility were other major findings. India’s Muslims tend to be excluded from 3 sites of power within the state machinery: the judiciary, the administration and the police. In 2002, they represented only 6.26% of the 479 High Court judges in India, 2.95% of the 5,018 Indian Administrative Service officers and 4.02% of the 3,236 IPS officers. By contrast, according to a report in the Times of India, nearly 20% of India’s prisoners were Muslims. Experts believe that this trend is not because Muslims commit more crimes. Rather, it’s a product of economic and social deprivation. With no money for litigation and for getting bail, they end up languishing in jails for years. There have been several instances of false cases slapped against Muslims, especially after terror attacks and riots. Closer home, the Mahmoodur Rahman Committee appointed in 2008 by the Maharashtra government revealed the shocking social, economic and educational condition of Muslims in the state. Maharashtra has witnessed the highest number of Hindu-Muslim riots post-Independence. This has led to ghettoisation which has further contributed to their neglect. About 45% of Muslim households have a per capita income of less than Rs. 500 a month. About 58 % of urban Muslims live in slums. Muslims constitute only 8.1% of the state’s farmers, 44.4% of rural Muslims work as agricultural labourers, compared to 36.1% of Hindus. Only 4.4 % of Maharashtra’s Muslims work in the government services. In 2012, there was not a single Muslim in the entire cadre of the Indian Administrative Services. The committee also found that in the urban areas, bus stops are located at a 1.3 km distance from Muslim areas. Fearing a backlash from the state’s Muslims and the media, the government never tabled the report in the Assembly, though it was submitted in 2013. The above statistics paint a grim picture. However, this doesn’t suggest that Muslims haven’t progressed in independent India. In addition to being appointed to a number of top positions, Muslims in India â€Å"enjoy complete political and religious liberty, a free legislative environment to undertake economic and educational initiatives, a vibrant television media and cinema that teach liberal coexistence, and access to a vast number of universities and institutes of modern education† (Ahmad, 2014). However, the benefits of a democratic, secular and pluralistic polity haven’t trickled to the vast majority of the country’s Muslims. One of the main reasons for this has been their poor representation in our elective bodies. Muslim representation With every election, the position of Muslims has deteriorated. Muslims representation in the 16th Lok Sabha hit an all-time low of 22. For the first time in the history of Lok Sabha, not a single Muslim got elected from Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populated and electorally decisive state. Maharashtra’s Muslims too have been affected by the growing communal schism generated during the 1990’s. The number of Muslim MLAs in the recently elected Maharashtra Legislative Assembly has dropped to an abysmal nine. The state’s five main political parties put up only 45 Muslim candidates in the election. Out of the nine MLAs, eight have been elected from Muslim-dominated constituencies. Votes polled by Muslim candidates have been steadily falling since 1990. In 2009, while a non-Muslim candidate polled an average of 13,766 votes, a Muslim candidate attracted only 4,453 votes. This is the reason why most parties refuse tickets to Muslim candidates. No political party dares to put up a Muslim candidate unless the constituency has a substantial Muslim population. Even the avowed secular parties continue to succumb to communal consideration in the selection of their candidates. While it is not necessary that Muslims should be represented only by their co-religionists, electorally ignoring an important group is not good for the health of a nation. Representation gives a community a sense of belonging. Further, representation of multiple identities is the essence of modern democracy. During the first five decades after independence, the vast majority of Indian Muslims saw in the Congress their natural protector, for its commitment to secularism. However after the demise of Jawaharlal Nehru, the pluralism of the Congress soon started changing. Muslims’ faith in the Congress started eroding with the escalation of anti-Muslim violence and the political, social and economic marginalization of the community, sometimes at the hands of the Congress itself (such as during the Emergency). The party started milking the community for electoral gains, by conceding religious and cultural space to the Deobandi Ulemas. Banning Salman Rushdie’s novel Satanic Verses, overturning the Shah Bano judgment were among several of the party’s tropes which contributed to the disenchantment of moderate Muslims from the Congress. Muslim Identity Politics Despite the love lost with the Congress and other ‘secular’ parties, Indian Muslims have generally been reluctant to form their own political parties. However, in the last decade or so, a number of Muslim dominated political parties have emerged in India. The Peace Party was founded in Uttar Pradesh in 2008 by Mohamed Ayub. It won four seats in the 2012 Assembly elections and expanded its base in a number of states. The Kerala-based Indian Union Muslim League enjoys considerable popularity in the state. Maulana Badruddin Ajmal formed the All India United Democratic Front (AIUDF) in Assam after falling out with Congress leader Tarun Gogoi in Assam. It is now the main opposition party in the state. Other Muslim identity based parties include the Parcham Party, Rashtriya Ulama Council and Welfare Party. However, none of these parties could achieve any substantial success. The MIM and its history It is in this context that the rise of MIM in Maharashtra should be seen. The MIM was formally founded in 1927 â€Å"for educational and social uplift of Muslims†, however it first arose as a proto-Islamist movement to defend the Nizam’s autocracy through an armed militia called the Razakars. They unleashed brutal violence against Hindus, the communists and all those wished to merge Hyderabad with independent India. In 1948, the Indian government sent in the army to overpower the Razakars, an operation that left several thousands dead. Hyderabad was annexed to India and Kasim Rizvi, the Majlis leader was imprisoned and the organization banned. Rizvi was released about a decade later only on the condition that he would leave for Pakistan in 48 hours. Before leaving, Rizvi handed over the reins to Abdul Wahed Owaisi, the grandfather of Asaduduin Owaisi. Owaisi re-drafted the Majlis constitution in keeping with the provisions of the Indian Constitution and heralded a new age in the party’s history. Though MIM remained on the margins of Hyderabad’s politics for about fifteen years, the situation soon started changing in the 1970s. Under the new president Salahuddin Owaisi, the party made great inroads in the city. Votes polled by Majlis in the Hyderabad Lok Sabha seat rose from 58,000 in 1962 to over four lakhs in 1989. It also set up a number of educational institutions for Muslims in the city. Thus, a party that was a part of the Razakars has found acceptance in the very city that had celebrated its ouster. The mainstream media has reacted to MIM’s victory in Maharashtra with a sense of paranoia. There are fears that the party could accentuate communal differences in the state. Moderate Muslims accuse the MIM of milking the sufferings of Muslims, while not doing anything for the community’s development. Party MP Akbaruddin Owaisi is known for his vitriolic hate speeches instigating Muslims to stand up against Hindu violence. MIM’s politics represent a reactionary agenda that seeks to counter the violent communal politics of the right-wing Hindu parties. On the other hand, Muslims are also hopeful about the MIM as they feel it can better represent the community’s interests. MIM’s rise represents the failure of all ‘secular’ parties in checking atrocities against India’s minorities and preventing majoritarianism. Muslim youth who fail to see themselves as a part of the youth Narendra Modi keeps gloating about are attracted to the MIM and its aspirational politics which largely involves invoking a false pride of the â€Å"glorious history of Muslim rulers†. However, the same youth need to realize that the MIM has done nothing to defend the human rights of young Muslims who are falsely accused of being terrorists and who end up spending years in jails. MIM has never spoken out against radicals within the community; neither has it done anything to empower Muslim women. It wouldn’t be long before India’s Muslims see through the farce that the MIM represents and the process of disillusionment sets in. Problems with identity politics The deeply problematic nature of MIM’s politics still doesn’t justify the media’s sustained and critical coverage of its victory in Maharashtra. Identity politics is not a new phenomenon. India’s ruling party BJP has its roots in Hindu nationalism, the Akali Dal was formed to give a political voice to Sikh issues, the RPI and its more than 50 factions claim to represent Dalits. The UP-based Apna Dal enjoys a following among the Kurmi caste. The Shiv Sena and now the MNS have, from time to time, raised the bogie of the Marathi manoos for electoral gains. The media’s hypocrisy while reporting about these parties needs to be called out. Muslim identity politics is as dangerous as the identity politics of any other community. According to Irfan Engineer, director of the Centre for Study of Society and Secularism, â€Å"Identity politics can be oppressive, hegemonic and exclusionary to strengthen hierarchies and hierarchical structures, to defend the privileges of the social, political and economic elite.† It is part of a larger trend of a greater assertiveness of identity in India. To counter this, it is important to strengthen the county’s secular and pluralistic ideals. Conclusion So what does that leave India’s Muslims with? They don’t need parties which essentialize their identity. Voting en bloc for hegemonic identity based parties isn’t going to yield any dividends. All they need is democratic representation of their interests. They need parties and candidates that stand for the values of equality, liberty and justice. MS Sathyu’s iconic film Garm Hava is perhaps the best film made on India’s partition. It shows Balraj Sahni’s family members leave for Pakistan, one after another, because of the increasing discrimination faced by them. In the end, Sahni and his son, Farooq Sheikh too decide to leave the country. On their way to the railway station, they come across a protest march by angry youth demanding jobs. Sheikh and, eventually, Sahni too join the march, thereby deciding to survive and succeed in his own homeland. An Urdu poem by Kaifi Azmi is heard in a voice-over as we see Sahni joining the protesters: â€Å"Jo door se toofan ka karte hain nazaara, unke liye toofan vahaan bhi hai yahan bhi, Dhaare mein jo mil jaaoge, ban jaaoge dhara, Ye vaqt ka elaan vahan bhi hai yahan bhi.† The scene is a poignant reminder for India’s Muslims that their future depends on engaging with politics of social justice and security rather than falling prey to leaders stoking their insecurities. Bibliography: Ahmad, T. (2014). Democracy and Indian Muslims. Daily Times. Retrieved 29 November 2014, from http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/16-Mar-2013/comment-democracy-and-indian-muslims-tufail-ahmad Ananth, V., Gadgil, M. (2014). Religious polarization helps AIMIM debut in Maharashtra. Mint. Retrieved 27 November 2014, from http://www.livemint.com/Politics/FxsUExgM2i03mSOH6w3RmO/Religious-polarization-helps-AIMIM-debut-in-Maharashtra.html?utm_source=ref_article Ashraf, A. (2014). Hidden history of the Owaisis. Firstpost. Retrieved 28 November 2014, from http://www.firstpost.com/politics/hidden-history-owaisis-aimim-doesnt-want-know-1817267.html Bagri, N. (2014). Indian Muslims Lose Hope in National Secular Party. The New York Times. Retrieved 27 November 2014, from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/world/asia/indian-muslims-lose-hope-in-national-secular-party.html?_r=1 Engineer, I. (2014). Political Mobilisation of Muslims in India Changing Pattern. Secular Perspective, XVII (21). Gayer, L., Jaffrelot, C. (2012). Muslims in Indian cities. New Delhi: HarperCollins India. Ghosh, S. (1987). Muslim politics in India. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House. Lokhande, D. (2014). Why we should be concerned about MIM victories in Maharashtra. DNA. Retrieved 27 November 2014, from http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-we-should-be-concerned-about-mim-victories-in-maharashtra-2027543 Noorani, A. (2003). The Muslims of India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Rahman, M. (2013). The Condition of Muslims in Maharashtra. Mumbai. Sachar, R. (2006). Social, Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community of India. New Delhi. Shaikh, Z. (2014). Force behind MIM. The Indian Express. Retrieved 27 November 2014, from http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/force-behind-mim/99/ Sharma, S. (2014). Behind the victory of a Muslim party in Maharashtra, the gamble of a journalist. Scroll. Retrieved 27 November 2014, from http://scroll.in/article/685327/Behind-the-victory-of-a-Muslim-party-in-Maharashtra,-the-gamble-of-a-journalist Shukla, A. (2014). Maharashtra polls: Opinions among Muslims on AIMIM pitch vary. DNA. Retrieved 27 November 2014, from http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-maharashtra-polls-opinions-among-muslims-on-aimim-pitch-vary-2018458 The Hindu : Holding them captive?. Retrieved 27 November 2014, from http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/04/27/stories/2003042700081500.htm Zakaria, R. (1995). The widening divide. New Delhi: New York, N.Y.

Television Violence Essay -- essays research papers fc

Television violence and its effects on viewers has been a controversial issue for many years. Some viewers believe that there is an increasingly large amount of violence on television and this widespread public concern has "led to calls for stricter controls on the depiction of violence in programmes" (Gunter and McAleer 1990:92). Exactly how much violence is there on television though? Many cultivation theorists have studied this, acquiring data in the form of content analysis. They agree on a definition of a violent act, for example Gerbner in his study used the definition, "an overt expression of physical force against self or other, compelling action against ones will on pain of being hurt or killed, or actually hurting or killing" (Gunter and McAleer 1990:94). This is an objective definition that can then be used to count the number of violent acts in whatever is being observed. Halloran and Croll (1972) used this technique to establish the amount of violence on British television in comparison with that of American television. For one week in April 1971, they observed the news, fictional drama, current affairs and documentaries on BBC1 and ITV Midlands and counted the number of violent incidents using Gerbner’s definition of violence. It was found that on average, 56% of British programmes contained some violence with four incidents of violenc e per hour. This was in comparison with American television which contained some seven incidents of violence per hour and where it was considerably more prevalent than on British television (Gunter and McAleer 1990:97). Focusing now on British television and violence, we can analyse Guy Cumberbatch’s research on television violence in 1987. He looked at all types of television programme focusing on four separate weeks between May and September 1986. All four channels were reviewed, totalling 1412 hours of television (930 BBC programmes and 1146 ITV and channel four programmes). He found, using his own definitions of a violent act, that 30% of all programmes contained some violence with an average of 1.14 acts of violence per programme (Gross 1992:455). It was also found that there was much more violence on television after 9pm and that violence was rare in children’s television programmes other than cartoons. It has been questioned however whether the violence in cartoons should actually b... ...er factors have also shown to be influential in this cause and effect relationship between television violence and violent behaviour. Such factors as age, gender, parental influence and amount of viewing contribute to how influential television violence is on an individual’s behaviour. Findings are still however inconclusive in this debate, although a large proportion of the evidence does appear to strongly favour the hypothesis that viewing violence on television does have an effect on a viewer’s violent behaviour. As a Washington Post article states "the preponderance of evidence from more than 3000 research studies over 2 decades shows that the violence portrayed on television influences the attitudes and behaviour of children who watch it" (Oldenburg 1992 cited at http://maple.lemoyne.edu/~hevern/ericdig.html). Bibliography Condry, J. (1989): The Psychology of Television. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Gross, R. (1992): Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Gunter, B. and McAleer, J. (1997): Children and Television. London: Routledge. Van Evra, J. (1990): Television and Child Development. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Gangs Essay -- Gang Essays

When was the last time you were able to turn on the news and not hear about some sort of violent act? Crime is a growing concern amongst most cities, and street gangs are behind a lot of the trouble. Street gangs have plagued the streets for centuries and there is no stopping the urge to commit such hideous crimes. Gangs grow from recruiting young kids but what makes a kid decide to join a crime filled lifestyle. The gang life contains many negative aspects including the most notorious reason for violence, drugs. Getting high seems appealing to many students but with the excitement of getting high comes the responsibility of buying and selling the drugs. The biggest reason for a gang to start would be drugs. Marijuana might seem like a harmless drug but it can be the most dangerous drug to start doing. When someone smokes marijuana it attracts them to use other drugs and these addictions need gang support. Addictions attract young kids to this lifestyle to keep themselves supplied with drugs. With the drug lifestyle comes the violent aspect of it. Violence is important to gangs because it draws fear in the eyes of those who try to stand up to them. Violence is the worst aspect of gang life because it keeps getting worse as gangs keep growing larger. Violent acts are the biggest reason society has a negative outlook on gang life. But young gang members don’t start out using violent acts to get attention but by simple crimes like shoplifting. Even though shoplifting is a crime that puts people in jail, it seems like an easy way for attention for young kids. Shoplifting is also a very addicting activity because it’s a rush for the people that do it. Shoplifting can start out with something small like a keychain but then it keeps getting worse as one keeps stealing bigger things like money and electronics. When a young kid gets involved with gang activity their personality changes in a bad way. Now that the young gang member is part of some kind of illegal crimes their personality changes because they feel unstoppable. These young kids feel invincible, almost as if nobody can stand in their way, which can be a big problem to the people who stand in their way. These kids act as though they have no fear so this leads to more crime, which further leads to jail time. So why would young kids want to join a life of crime? The answers are numerous. Some kids a... ...f supplied and to make your profit. The next step up from being a drug dealer is to perform acts of violence to keep your gang feared. These are the kids who nobody dare mess with because rumors and stories spread quickly which makes them seem more popular. When the gang kids hear about them they instantly try to recruit them bribing them with drugs and money. These kids then have to be ready to fight the gang’s battles if anything ever gets bad. Then there are the ones who are on the top of the gang life ladder who gives out all the orders, which the others will follow. These are the kids that normally don’t deal drugs or use violence to scare people but are very smart. I consider them to be the most dangerous because they are the ones who control all the other gang members and use their powerful minds to bring fear to those who try to defy them. Gangs will forever be in the media and as long as crime still plagues the streets gangs will be recruiting young kids for there evil deeds. Family and friends need to stop ignoring the younger generation because their lives aren’t as simple as everyone thinks. Growing up isn’t easy and to find comfort in this lifestyle is very easy.

Making of the A-Bomb :: essays research papers

The machine gun mechanized war. Artillery and gas mechanized war. They were the hardware of the war, the tools. But they were only proximately the mechanism of the slaughter. The ultimate mechanism was a method of organization-anachronistically speaking, a software package. "The basic lever," the writer Gil Elliot comments, "was the conscription law, which made vast numbers of men available for military service. The civil machinery which ensured the carrying out of this law, and the military organization which turned numbers of men into battalions and divisions, were each founded on a bureaucracy. The production of resources, in particular guns and ammunition, was a matter for civil organization. The movement of men and resources to the front, and the trench system of defence, were military concerns." Each interlocking system was logical in itself and each system could be rationalized by those who worked it and moved through it. Thus Elliot demonstrates, "It is reasonable to obey the law, it is good to organize well, it is ingenious to devise guns of high technical capacity, it is sensible to shelter human beings against massive firepower by putting them in protective trenches." What was the purpose of this complex organization? Officially it was supposed to save civilization, protect the rights of small democracies, demonstrate the superiority of Teutonic culture, beat the dirty Hun, beat the arrogant British, what have you. But the men caught in the middle came to glimpse a darker truth. "The War had become undisguisedly mechanical and inhuman," Siegfried Sasson allows a fictional infantry officer to see. "What in earlier days had been drafts of volunteers were now droves of victims." Men on every front independently discovered their victimization. Awareness intensified as the war dragged on. In Russia it exploded in revolution. In Germany it motivated desertions and surrenders. Among the French it led to mutinies in the front lines. Among the British it fostered malingering. Whatever its ostensible purpose, the end result of the complex organization that was the efficient software of the Great War was the manufacture of corpses. This essentially industrial operation was fantasized by the generals as a "strategy of attrition." The British tried to kill Germans, the Germans tried to kill British and French and so on, a "strategy" so familiar by now that it almost sounds normal. It was not normal in Europe before 1914 and no one in authority expected it to evolve, despite the pioneering lessons of the American Civil War. Once the trenches were in place, the long grave already dug (John Masefield's bitterly ironic phrase), then the war stalemated

Essay on A Literary Report on “The Nightingale and The Rose” By Oscar Wilde

‘Nineteenth Century Short Stories' is a collection of tales from the nineteen hundreds. This essay will concentrate on just one of these stories. It will include a thorough analysis of the story including my views and opinions towards the language, imagery and setting that the author uses. The story I have chosen to analyse is ‘The Nightingale and the Rose', by Oscar Wilde. This is one of many children's stories that he wrote, as he is well known to have ‘used the form of fairy tale to reflect on modern life and to debate ideas'. ‘The Nightingale and the Rose' is a very poignant story following the theme of love.The theme is conveyed in this story through the actions of the Nightingale. It demonstrates how one life would sacrifice itself in order to make another happy. From the Nightingale's point of view, this is a tragically ironic story. For she thinks that the Student must be a ‘true lover' – she thinks that he would give anything for one nigh t with the Professor's daughter. ‘She said that she would dance with me if I brought her red roses†¦ yet for want of a red rose is my life made wretched', the Nightingale hears him cry; and on this evidence alone she bases her opinion: ‘Here at last is a true lover.‘ When in fact the only feelings the Student has for the Professor's daughter are those of material love. He is only interested in her beauty. He says to himself ‘She has form – that cannot be denied to her' but then he says ‘She would not sacrifice herself for others', which is exactly what the Nightingale is about to do for him. She is willing to sacrifice her life for love; for the Student to be able to spend one night with the girl he supposedly admires. An interesting point to note is when the Student mentions that the Professor's daughter ‘has some beautiful notes in her voice.What a pity it is that they do not mean anything, or do any practical good. ‘ Now Night ingales are renowned for having beautiful voices, but the Student does not appreciate the wonderful art of music. A few paragraphs before these lines the Nightingale sings to the Student telling him of how she intends to sacrifice her life for him; ‘be happy; you shall have your red rose. I will build it out of music by moonlight, and stain it with my own heart's-blood. ‘ Although he cannot understand them, these words are, in fact, deeply meaningful to the Student.And as for music doing no ‘practical good', well, what would you call the outcome of the red rose? The Nightingale died and the rose was born. Music made that red rose. The Student does not realise how wrong his judgements are. We find out that the only ‘true lover' was in fact the Nightingale. She was the only one with sincere feelings, and she was prepared to sacrifice her life for those feelings, even though she knew she would not gain anything from it. The fact that she was doing it for love, a nd that she was making someone happy, was enough for her. She was really the only one who deserved love – the only one worthy of it.The Nightingale was love. She went to the greatest extremes to find a red rose for the Student to give to the Professor's daughter. She flew all around the garden trying to find a red rose. She flew to ‘the centre of the grass-plot', and 'round the old sun-dial', and finally ‘beneath the Students window', where she eventually found a red rose tree. But the tree was damaged, and would not bear a red rose. the only way the Nightingale could obtain a red rose from this tree, would be to ‘build it out of music by moonlight', and stain it with her ‘own heart's-blood'; and that is what she did.The story is set in a garden of fantasy – it is full of talking creatures and trees; not unlike the Garden of Eden in the Bible, which had a talking snake. Perhaps the author used a garden because in the Bible it is very symbolic, a nd its story has many lessons and meanings. Maybe that was what Oscar Wilde was trying to convey in his writing. Although this story was meant as a fairy tale for children, it contained a large range of vocabulary and many detailed descriptions; suggesting that perhaps the story was actually aimed at adults, but

Interpreting Laws and Court Decisions Essay

Interpreting Laws and Court Decisions Interpreting labor and employment laws, as well as court decisions, can be a tedious task at best. The laws set in place are constantly changing and use language that is not easily deciphered by the average working American. The United States Labor laws cover the binding legal connection between the employers, their employees and the employee labor unions. Within the borders of the United States; it is generally know that employers and labor unions do not see eye to eye on most issues regarding labor and employment laws. Labor laws can address one of three different situations: â€Å"A union attempts to organize the employees of an employer and to get the employer to recognize it as the employees’ bargaining representative; (2) a union seeks to negotiate a collective bargaining agreement with an employer; or (3) a union and employer disagree on the interpretation and application of an existing contract between the two. Within these three situations, specific rules have been c reated to deal with rights of employees and employers.† (Labor Law, 2005) The third situation is often seen more times than not; thus creating an everlasting rift between the two parties. In the case study 1-1 of our text, Reinstatement and Back Pay Remedy for Illegal Discharge, it seemed like a common sense; open and shut scenario. My initial thoughts without any research had me thinking there was no way an employer would need to reinstate an unlawfully terminated employee, since the person in question is an illegal alien. Recent events in the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit showed that my thoughts were way off base and wrong. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals decided on a case, Palma v NLRB, on July 10, 2013 that an employer could be required to reinstate illegal aliens previously terminated in violation of the NRLA; or National Labor Relations Act. (Palma v NRLB, 2013) This particular case was on appeal from a National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) decision that was Hoffman Plastics Compounds, Inc v. National Labor Relations Board, which found the employer unlawfully terminated the aliens for engaging n concerted protected activity under the NRLA, but the aliens were not entitled to an  award of back pay. (Hoffman Plastics v. NLRB, 2001) On appeal, the Second Circuit reaffirmed the Hoffman Plastics ruling prohibiting back pay to undocumented aliens, however the bare bones of the final ruling states than an employer that fires employees in violation of the NLRA essentially could be required to reinstate ex-employees it knows to be illegal aliens pending these workers can show proof of work authorization and present it to the employers (Palma v. NRLB, 2013). The next question for this particular case study is if it’s possible for the court to enforce the voluntary settlement agreement between the employer and NRLB without violating any immigration laws? I believe the answer is yes on account of the Palma ruling, as long as the â€Å"illegal aliens† can provide proof of work authorization, they’re sitting in the driver’s seat with minimal worries. Case Study 3-3 within our text book, titled â€Å"NLRB Jurisdiction over a Private Charter School†, we’re being asked if the Charter Schools Professional Management Inc (CSPMI) â€Å"meets the definition of an employer, as stated n Section 2 (2), LMRA and therefore, the board may assert jurisdiction and conduct a representation election?† (Holley, Jennings, Wolters, 2012). The case study tells us that: To be exempt from NLRB jurisdiction as a political subdivision of a state, the employer must either (1) be created directly by the state so as to constitute a department or administrative arm of the government, or (2) administered by individuals who are responsible to public officials or to the general electorate (pgs. 114-115) CSPMI was not created by the state or any government entity, rather is a private, for-profit organization and the board is elected by the ownership of the corporation. This right here shows me that they are not exempt from NLRB jurisdiction. An interesting case, Chicago Mathematics & Science Academy Charter School, Inc., Employer and Chicago Alliance of Charter Teachers & Staff, F, AFT, AFL-CIO, Petitioner, was discussing the issue on whether a private, nonprofit corporation that established and operates a public charter school in Chicago, Illinois, is exempt from our jurisdiction because it’s a political subdivision of the State of Illinois within the meaning of section 2(2) of the NLRA (Chicago, 2012). The summary  of this particular case state: While CMSA is not a political subdivision of the State of Illinois or the City of Chicago, I would decline jurisdiction because it is so closely intertwined with and defined by those governmental entities in providing services of a peculiarly public and local nature. I am also noting that declining jurisdiction would not leave CMSA’s employees without the possibility of collective-bargaini ng representation. It would only subject them to the same labor relations laws as are applicable to others who, like them, are defined by statute as public employees in a public educational system. Accordingly, I would dismiss the petition. (Chicago, 2012) REFERENCES: Chicago Mathematics & Science Academy Charter School, Inc., Employer and Chicago Alliance of Charter Teachers & Staff, F, AFT, AFL-CIO, Petitioner. Case 13-RM-001768, 2012 Holley Jr, W., Jennings, K, & Wolters, R (2012) The Labor Relations Process 10th edition. South-Western CENAGE Learning; United States â€Å"Labor Law.† West’s Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005. Retrieved from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3437702567.HTML Palma v. NLRB, 12-1199 (2d Cir. 2013)

Competitive Advantage Report of Brazil

In this report, I’m going to develop the competitive advantage of Brazil with Michael Porter’s theory. 1. Factor Conditions: Brazil has a great number of natural resources, especially at Amazon Planitia and the south of Brazil. There has fertile soil and enough facilities. In Brazil, labors don’t cost too much, it’s good for a country to prosper in its agriculture, industry and tertiary sector. The skills and average education level of people in Brazil is not so good but not so bad.There are many people with skills and good education in some big cities in Brazil, but the conditions in those small cities are not so good. There is a gap between big cities and small cities. 2. Demand Conditions: Brazil has a large market in its large land. People in big cities like St. Paulo and Rio de Janeiro would prefer sophisticated products, but the degree of consumer sophistication may not be so high in small cities. 3. Suppliers: The major industry of Brazil is agricul ture.Brazil is also good in automobile industry, iron and steel industry, petrochemical industry, computer industry, aviation industry and durable consumer goods manufacture. The supporting companies of these industries are easy to be located in the same area. Brazil used to need a lot of oil to be imported, but the percentage of the oil needed to be imported has reduced from 70% to 33%. That is what the government wants. 4. The firm’s strategy and structure as well as rivalry among competitors: Brazil is the most industrial developed country in Latin America.Brazil also has various mature manufactures. It has already gotten plenty of investment from America. Now in Brazil, some privatization issues are faced by department of insurance. The economy of Brazil is growing and there are strong competitions between businesses. Conclusion: Brazil does have some competitive advantage. It bases on the well development of some main cities like St. Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. But if Braz il want to get more competitive advantage, the government must solve the problem of the imbalance between big cities and small cities.

Robey V. Hinners

Bo-Yuan Chen Bus 201 Brief- Robey v. Hinners Facts:Brad Robey, d/b/a as Roeby’s Pawn World, sold a used 2002 Cadillac Escalade to Hinner, a resident of Kentucky, and stated that the vehicle was â€Å"clean, better and average† and that â€Å" 1 month/1,000 mile Service Agreement†. After bought the Vehicle and found that it was not as advertised, Hinners filed a civil complaint against Robey in the Kenton Circuit Court. Robey filed an answer and also motion to dismiss on the ground of lack of personal jurisdiction. The trial court denied the motion, rated Hinner’s motivation and entered a default judgment.Robey’ appeal herein followed. Issue: Whether the issue of personal jurisdiction may be raised by Robey in this appeal even though a default judgment was entered. Decision: Reverse the judgment of the Kenton Circuit Court and remand for the entry of an order dismissing Hinners's complaint. Reasoning: Hinners: Hinners argued that three of the nine pr ovisions of KRS 454. 210 authorized the extension of long-arm jurisdiction over Robey. Robey, situated in Missouri, advertised the vehicle for sale on eBay Hinners, in Kentucky, submitted the winning bidHinners traveled out-of-state to take possession of the vehicle Robey executed vehicle transfer documents to enable Hinners to obtain a Kentucky registration and title for the vehicle Robey, in his eBay listing and in oral statements to Hinners, misrepresented the condition of the vehicle The vehicle came to Kentucky covered by Robey's warranty, the one month/1000 mile â€Å"service agreement. † Robey: In Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz case, the U. S. supreme held that formation of a contraction with a nonresident was not, standing along, sufficient to create jurisdiction.Placing the vehicle for auction on eBay did not alone create personal jurisdiction over Robey in Kentucky. Accepting the Application for Kentucky Certificate of Title/Registration did not create personal juri sdiction. The fact that Hinners took the vehicle to Kentucky and determined there that it was not as advertised did not create personal jurisdiction There was no evidence that Robey used eBay through which to sell automobiles on any occasion other than this one. The language in the eBay listing referring to a â€Å"1 month/1,000 mile Service Agreement† also did not create jurisdiction.

Becoming A Professional Career Goal

Career Goal Rough Draft My overall goal is to become a RN while obtaining my BSN and have a career at in the neonatal or pediatric field. I believe time management, hard work, dedication and the desire to succeed are important keys to success. My 3 goals to reach to accomplish my overall goal are to obtain my associate degree in nursing at TCC, seek and gain employment at a hospital and finally to apply and complete the RN-BSN program at UTA. My first goal, obtain associate degree in nursing at†¦ Becoming a Pharmacist was never a professional career goal of mine, until recently. I graduated High school with the mindset I would become a nurse. Pharmacy sounded boring to me. Being an ignorant high schooler, I believed all they did was count pills. Once I began school for Nurs-ing I had to take a few Pharmacology classes. When I started my Pharmacology classes I fell in love with Pharmacology. The science behind medicine was interesting. I couldn’t believe all the things medicine could help†¦ would have been my highest goal and accomplishment. That was two years ago, my current goals and ambitions are to not only attend UCLA but to graduate Nursing school with at least my masters in nursing. I realized settling for third best or even second best was not good enough anymore, in order to excel in college and perform my best in my undergraduates study I need to be determined, focused, and goal oriented. Getting into UCLA and into the nursing school are not just goals to me that seem so far†¦ Introduction It is crucial that in order for myself to reach my ultimate career goal of becoming a Human Resources Manager in a large firm, that I personally develop myself to be especially rich in intrapersonal, interpersonal and organizational effectiveness. These skills play a critical role in all businesses in today’s society REFERENCE. Firstly, I must understand the prominence these skills have within the workplace and develop myself in order to succeed in the future. This portfolio will assess†¦ In this assignment, I am going to be identifying my professional career aspirations. Based on previous work experience and personal experiences I will be reviewing the skills I already possess and hope to develop whilst at university. In any career, you need to be able to have a set of basic skills ranging from your ability to work in a team to communicate yourself efficiently to other people, but the main being to have enough drive and motivation within yourself to succeed. (University of Kent,†¦ (750): The Career Goals of Phil Green IV: Playing Professional Basketball in the NBA Career goals are an important way to discover the potential of an individual to achieve success in the profession of sports. I have chosen to pursue a professional basketball career in the national Basketball league due to the increasing success that I have had at the collegiate level. At St. John’s University, I have appeared regularly in 32 games during the freshman, sophomore, and junior years. In fact, I was†¦ At an early age I set my mind on a career goal of becoming a Registered Nurse. It will take a lot of work and focus to complete my prerequisites at a junior college (Georgia Military), then I will need to graduate from a nursing program at an accredited University. This will take collectively six to eight years of schooling to obtain my Bachelors of Science in Nursing. I am now fully grasping the amount of work required to obtain my Bachelors of Science in Nursing, but I am more than ready to face†¦ able to buy a home in a good part of town which would prevent my kids from being able to attend the best schools. There are so many things now that rely on me being able to achieve my career goal of becoming a department manager, and one day a partner or owner of a company like the one I am currently working for. My goals of one day owning a house and my kids living in a good neighborhood may depend completely upon this education. This degree will ensure I am not passed up for promotions because I lack†¦ Johnson Mrs. Ornes 07November2011 My Career Goal of Becoming a Dental Hygienist Ever wonder why your dentist doesn’t actually clean your teeth? It’s cause that’s the job of the dental hygienist. They are specialist at keeping your teeth and gums healthy and clean. My goal of becoming a dental hygienist will soon come to pass. All I need is dedication, motivation, ambition, and understanding. This latter element becomes very important when discussing this career field. The most basic elements that†¦ â€Å"Knowledge is power. You can 't begin a career, for that matter even a relationship, unless you know everything there is to know about it.†-Randeep. My personal career goal was decision that I had to critically think about. They are many career options that you can choose from and it can be hard to narrow it down to the one that best suit to your talent. With that being said, I have decided that my career goal is to be a marketing manager which are responsible for managing marketing, advertising†¦

Case study on the Zeal Peso Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case study on the Zeal Peso - Essay Example From the case, we know that the exchange rate at the beginning was 20ZPG per dollar; the total time from 1973 to 1995 is 22 years. Price levels in the US have moved from 70 to 140 representing 100% inflation while those in the Zeal have moved from 50 to 180 representing 260% inflation. Substituting these figures in equation 2 we get: This represents 1/36 = $0.027 per Zeal Peso. According to the case report, the peso had devalued to a figure of $0.0263 per peso, which is the same figure predicted using PPP. Assuming that PPP holds true, then we can conclude that the figure $0,0263/ZPG is the best prediction for the Zeal peso spot rate for the last 22 years. (Shapiro, 2006: pp137). Therefore we can conclude here that the currency has devalued enough. However, given that this is the figure for 1995, the figure might be expected to reduce with further increase in inflation by the end of 1996. In my opinion, it was possible to forecast the peso float. From an understanding of purchasing power parity it is clear that two currencies can only be in fixed parity if the rates of change of consumer prices in the two countries are equal through time. In so far as the changes in inflation rates in one country are more than the other it will not be possible for fixed parity to be maintained. Thus, the currency values must readjust to reflect the inflation differentials. In the case of the US and the Zeal, one can observe from table 2 that the consumer price index for both countries has been increasing but that for the Zeal witnessed higher increases than that for the United States. As purchasing power parity states, currencies with higher inflation rates should depreciate relative to currencies with lower rates of inflation (Shapiro, 2006). Therefore given that the inflation index for the Zeal was increasing at a rate that was higher than that for the US it should have been possib le to forecast the peso float. Question 3. According to Black (2002), foreign exchange reserves or international reserves represent liquid assets held by a country's government or central bank for the purpose of intervening in the foreign exchange market. These include gold or convertible foreign currencies. (Black, 2002). For example in the case of the Zeal this might refer to assets denominated in US dollars rather than the Zeal peso. Foreign exchange reserves can also include balances with international institutions, notably the International Monetary Fund (IMF). (Black, 2002). Looking at table 3, which shows the balance of payments for the Zeal from 1973 to 1995, including the international reserves, we can observe that the international reserves have been decreasing since 1973. The international reserves have dropped from $-45million in 1973 to $-150million. This implies that the country has more liquid liabilities and not assets in foreign currency and therefore less money has been transferred out of the country. Instead, more money has been moved into the country in foreign currency. This is contrary to the assertion in the case that many people transferred money out of the country. Question 4 Bodie et al (2002), Shapiro (2006) state that in a well functioning foreign exchange market, there should be a spot-futures exchange rate relationship that will

The Impact of Fruit Juices on the Dental Erosion in Human Tooth Enamel Research Paper

The Impact of Fruit Juices on the Dental Erosion in Human Tooth Enamel - Research Paper Example This literature review explores the impact of fruit juices on dental health as well as the factors causing dental erosion. It also explores various investigations which are helpful in the detection and prediction of dental erosion. Considering the issue to be of paramount significance the present study has been carried out. Objectives: Human tooth is composed of minerals, organic matter as well as water with variation in the thickness, blood and nerve supply; therefore an irreversible alteration of mineralization is frequent. Consumption of soft drinks directly influences enamel of the teeth. The present study is conducted to review various factors which play an imperative role in dental erosion and the techniques for investigating the erosion of enamel. Methodology: Direct and indirect methods were adopted to study the dental erosion. Measurement of weight loss was performed with/ without stirring with magnetic rods, up to 300 revolutions per minute. Further micro-indentation, nano- indentation, profilometry, micro-radiography, chemical analysis techniques were adopted followed by microscopy. Result: Dental erosion examined with three fruit juices namely lemon, orange and apple, shows that prolonged consumption of orange juice leads to more severe dental erosion in babies as compared to adults. Conclusion: Phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, citric acid, malic acid and tartaric acid present in the fruit juices alter the pH of the enamel leading to its erosion. Fruit juices are known to cause chelation with calcium further, contributing to dental erosion. Aim of the project This project aims to find the impact of one such consumable substance i.e. fruit juice on teeth enamel and dentine of both children and adults. Also, this project provides background information of human teeth and information about dental erosion including the factors which affect erosion. In addition, this project reviews of techniques for investigating the erosion of enamel. The anatomical composition of the human tooth varies throughout the length. This variation is attributed to the difference in thickness of enamel and presence or absence of dentin, thickest enamel at the cusp and thinnest at the borders, moreover, borders also lack dentin, blood and nerve supply. Consumption of soft drinks directly influences enamel at the borders of teeth. It is imperative to understand the factors contributing to the dental erosion in adults as well as in babies. With this motive, the present study was carried out utilizing various modern techniques for investigation to safeguard individuals form witnessing dental erosions. Discussion Dental anatomy plays a vital role in making the enamel prone to the dental erosion due to consumption of food items rich in acidic components. Under normal pH bacteria proliferate if the microbes get adhered to the leftover food particles leading to the formation of dental carries or cavities (Touger-Decker, 2003). On the other hand, eating large q uantities of fruits on a regular basis also result in irreversible loss of tooth constitution due to their dissolution by organic acids present in the fruit juices. A chemical reaction occurs between the enamel of the teeth and the organic acids present in the fruit juices resulting in the dental erosion or the acid erosion and therefore it is one of the major dental health concern (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). A